Food is any nutrient-rich material consumed or absorbed by living organisms for energy and growth. It is usually of plant or animal origin. Different species have specialized feeding behaviours that enable them to exploit the resources available in their natural environment. The human need for food has led to the development of agriculture and livestock farming, as well as a wide range of cooking techniques.
People consume a variety of foods to meet their energy needs, such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. The nutrients in foods are essential for maintaining good health. Food also has social and cultural functions. A meal provides an opportunity for family and friends to gather, thereby reinforcing social bonds. The different tastes and textures of foods contribute to the enjoyment of eating.
Before industrialization, prehistoric humans obtained their food primarily through hunting and gathering. The advent of horticulture and pastoralism allowed for the cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals, which in turn led to the development of agriculture. Today, the majority of the world’s population gets most of their food from agriculture and livestock production.
The various types of food include cereal grains (wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, millet), fruits and vegetables, legumes, milk and dairy products, fish, meat, and eggs. People may prepare and store these foods in many ways, including canning, freezing, drying, smoking, or salting. Some foods are processed to enhance their texture or flavor, or to maintain or increase their shelf life. The process of processing generally changes the structure of the food and can destroy or remove nutrients.
Ideally, a person should eat a balanced diet that contains all of the food groups. Eating too much can lead to obesity and related diseases, while eating too little may result in malnutrition. Some people have dietary restrictions due to medical conditions like Coeliac disease or allergies.
Some people do not eat any foods of animal origin, including meat and dairy. This is called vegetarianism. Others avoid foods containing gluten, as they can be associated with certain health conditions.
The food supply is threatened by a number of factors, such as global climate change, soil degradation, water scarcity, and biodiversity loss. To help address these issues, researchers have developed new crops and new methods of food production, such as aquaculture and genetically modified foods. Some countries have established national policies to ensure the availability of safe and nutritious food. Others have set standards for food labeling, safety testing, and certification of organic foods. These standards are designed to protect consumers and promote the sustainability of the food supply.